Integration of Blockchain in Real Estate Registry Systems

Abstract

The real estate sector is central to economic development, wealth distribution, and social stability, yet property registration and land titling systems remain highly vulnerable to inefficiencies, corruption, and disputes. Traditional real estate registries often rely on fragmented documentation processes that are susceptible to tampering, bureaucratic delays, and fraudulent practices, leading to costly litigation and mistrust among stakeholders. Blockchain technology, characterized by decentralization, immutability, transparency, and the use of smart contracts, emerges as a transformative solution capable of redefining real estate governance. This study critically investigates the integration of blockchain into real estate registry systems, with a focus on its capacity to address fraud, enhance efficiency, and build public trust in property ownership structures. Through a mixed-method approach encompassing literature synthesis, case study evaluation (Sweden, India, Ghana, UAE), and comparative statistical analysis, the research reveals that blockchain-based registries can reduce property fraud by up to 60%, lower administrative costs by nearly 35–40%, and decrease registration timelines from months to days. The findings underscore blockchain’s ability to create incorruptible digital ledgers, simplify title verification, and empower citizens by ensuring equitable access to transparent property rights. However, the research also highlights systemic challenges, including regulatory ambiguity, lack of global interoperability standards, and digital infrastructure gaps in developing economies. This paper argues that blockchain should not be viewed as a replacement for state institutions but as a complementary framework that enhances governance efficiency, improves transparency, and supports sustainable urban development. The implications are far-reaching, suggesting that blockchain integration in real estate has the potential not only to mitigate corruption and improve efficiency but also to democratize access to property ownership and foster inclusive economic growth.